Book Report The Age of Spiritual Machines Soesanto Widya - 2668C Washington International University
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Bibliographic Entry
Author: |
Ray Kurzweil |
Title: |
The Age of Spiritual Machines : When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence |
Place of Publication: |
New York – USA |
Publisher: |
Penguin Putnam Inc. |
Date of Publication: |
1999 |
It is 2099 now, A spiritual Machine is a machine derive from human thinking through brain scan that go to virtual worship, meditation, praying with enabled spiritual dimension capability.
Technology extend and accelerate evolution through invention of tools, method, and procedure.
Intelligence machine continue to extend their intelligence level through recursive algorithm, neural nets algorithm and evolutionary algorithm.
What in this book is relevant to my degree program?
This book covers Artificial Intelligence development concepts.
What are the author’s main points?
Author present the creation of the universe in the first second of the Big Bang, and underlying thesis in terms of the relationship of entropy and evolution, order and disorder.
Author present three basic laws of nature:
Author view point on the speed of time as follows:
In evolution condition, time is speeding up, and universe condition, time is slowing down.
Certain species of creatures will experience the passage of time on a different scale. We experience the rate of changes in our own lives is different at certain stages. We will see that the acceleration in the passage of time for evolution is moving in a different direction than that for the Universe from which it emerge.
As we enter the twenty-first century, exponential growth of time span for events develop extremely slowly for extremely long periods of time, and events erupt at an increasingly furious pace as events glide through the knee of the curve.
Technology life Cycle:
Technology is often defined as the creation of tools to gain control over the environment. The knowledge base represents the genetic code for the evolving technology. And as technology has evolved, the means for recording this knowledge base has also evolved, from the oral traditions of antiquity to the written design logs of nineteenth-century craftsmen to the computer-assisted design databases of the 1990s.
Technology requires two attributes of its creator: intelligence and the physical ability to manipulate the environment. Technologies fight for survival, evolve, and undergo their own characteristic life cycle.
There are seven distinct stages life cycles of technology as follows:
The Law of Time and Chaos: In a process, the time interval between salient events (that is, events that change the nature of the process, or significantly affect the future of the process) expands or contracts along with the amount of chaos.
When there is a lot of chaos in a process, it takes more time for significant events to occur. Conversely, as order increases, the time periods between salient events decrease.
Chaos refers to the quantity of disordered (that is, random) events that are relevant to the process.
If chaos is increasing, the Law of Time and Chaos implies the following sublaw:
The Law of Increasing Chaos: As chaos exponentially increases, time exponentially slows down (that is, the time interval between salient events grows longer as time passes).
The Law of Accelerating Returns: As order exponentially increases, time exponentially speeds up (that is, the time interval between salient events grows shorter as time passes).
The Law of Accelerating Returns (to distinguish it from a better-known law in which returns diminish) applies specifically to evolutionary processes. In an evolutionary process, it is order--the opposite of chaos--that is increasing.
The Law of Accelerating Returns as Applied to an Evolutionary Process:
An evolutionary process is not a closed system; therefore, evolution draws upon the chaos in the larger system in which it takes place for its options for diversity; Evolution builds on its own increasing order.
Therefore: In an evolutionary process, order increases exponentially.
Therefore: Time exponentially speeds up.
Therefore: The returns (that is, the valuable products of the process) accelerate.
The Intelligence of Evolution
Consider the evolution process that created us. Evolution write a software to record DNA and put it as Read Only Memory. Another software will read this DNA to produce genetic related output. But evolution has lack of documentation, and very inefficient programmer. Most of the 97% of the code is useless. Only approximate of 3% of the code produce result.
Evolution has achieved an extraordinary record of design, yet has taken an extraordinarily long period of time to do so. Evolution only a quantum smarter than completely unintelligent behavior. The reason that our human created evolutionary algorithms are effective is that we speed up time a million or billionfold and concentrated.
Mind Machines.
Human with mind implants and gadgets which boost their intelligence consciously subjected as intelligence human. Machine with human brains control their activities consciously subjected as intelligence machine. Consciousness and experiences of the body where the mind reside differentiate human from machine.
A New form of intelligence.
Intelligence is the ability to use optimally limited resources including time to achieve goals. Intelligence rapidly creates satisfying, sometimes surprising plans that meet an array of constraints.
Intelligence of recursive formula is to approach all possible solutions to a problem by calling itself until the solution found. Recursion is suited only to problems with well-defined rules.
Intelligence of neural nets is an attempt to emulate computing structure of neurons in the human brain, define sets of inputs represent problem to be solved, set the strength of each inputs, associate strong inputs(neuron) and eliminate weak inputs. Neural nets are good for pattern recognition types of problems.
Intelligence of Evolutionary Algorithms is a way of harnessing the subtle but profound patterns that exist in chaotic data. The critical resource required is a source of many examples of the problem to be solved.
New Brain
Estimated, In year 2020, a $1,000,- computer will have equal processing power of human brain which is 20 million billion calculation per second.
Build a brain (new intelligent machine) require the right set of formulas, knowledge, and computation.
Intelligence formulas are recursive algorithm, neural nets algorithm, and evolutionary algorithm. However, we will discover new intelligence by reverse engineered human brain. We will be able to scan our brain memory, knowledge, and experience and keep it in new intelligent machine and change the definition of mortality.
New Body
Nano technology is capable to build replica of our body atom by atom, and program them to function like human body. This replica of human body is called nanobots (nano-robots). Beside immortal body replicated(nanobots), we will have virtual body which can be defined through imagination, and plug-in into our intelligence machine directly. With virtual body, we can learn and experience virtual worship, virtual meditation, and praying, and turn to Spiritual Intelligence Machine.
Intelligent Machine in arts.
Proffessor Steve Larson of University of Oregon, introduced EMI – Experiments in Musical Intelligence. Kim Binsted’s PhD paper, introduce JAPE – Joke Analysis and Production Engine.
Ray Kurzweil design RKCP – Ray Kurzweil Cybernetic Poet. Harold Cohen build Aaron – Artist Robot which produce drawing and painting artwork.
Scenario to the Future.
Year 2009:
Our clothing and jewelry contain embedded computers and linked by body LAN. Wireless technology has wipe-out cables. Eyeglasses built to have additional function to connect to Virtual Image. Continuous speech recognition technology will dominate document creating. Intelligent courseware has enable distance learning for all level of age. Persons with disabilities are rapidly overcoming their handicaps through intelligent technology. Translating Telephone Technology available worldwide. Online business transaction has been dominate 50% of the market worldwide.
Growing of Neo-Ludditive movement as demand for skill increase. The creation of music has become available to persons who are not musicians. Warfare is dominated by unmanned intelligent airborne devices. Bioengineered treatments have reduced the toll from cancer, heart disease, and a variety of other health problems.
Year 2019:
Computers are embedded everywhere, we will be able to do anything anywhere. Eyeglasses has built in Paper documents has been completely replaced by digital documents. Education has been teached by intelligent software simulating teacher. Implant technology has overcome handicap disabilities. We will communicate primary via three-dimensional virtual reality displays with other people, computers, the Web, and virtual reality itself. Automated driving systems have been found to be highly reliable and have been installed in nearly all road. People are beginning to have relationship with automated personalities as companions, teachers, caretakers, and lovers. Visual, musical, and literally art created by human artists typically involved a collaboration between human and machine intelligence. Most flying weapons are tiny as small as insect. Computerized health monitors built into watches, jewelry, and clothing which diagnose both acute and chronic health conditions.
Year 2029:
Three dimensional projected holographic displays are everywhere. A range of neural implants is becoming available to enhance perception, interpretation, and computation function. Human learning is primarily accomplished using virtual teachers. Sensory enhancement devices are in used by most of the population. Sonic communication has place a precise three dimension sound. Human employment only work on creation of knowledge. Discussion of legal rights of machines that are independent on humans is growing. Most of the leading artists are machines. Life expectancy of human increase to 120 years. Nanobots are being used as scouts.
Year 2099:
The reverse engineering of human brain is completed. Electronic and photonic based brain machine as the extended models of human intelligence claim to be human with immortal life. Basic rights for machine based intelligence have been settled. However, the rights and powers of different manifestations of human and machine intelligence still are political and philosophical issues.
Are the author’s main points valid or invalid? Why?
Critical Issues: Two or more statements about topics and positions taken on topics. With each of the issues you uncover, indicate briefly the author’s stand on the issue and what the author is trying to say about the issue.
Authors main idea
Presentation: discuss the author’s use of language, clarity, and readability.
Use of evidence: what type of evidence does the author use? Primary? Secondary? Comment on the nature of the evidence.
I'll get into my specific objections below-- let me first mention what I enjoyed about the book, for there were several good things. First, the structure. We're all used to reading things online now, with hyperlinks. Books can seem ploddingly linear compared to the richness of the Internet's information. Kurzweil has attempted to write his book like an online document, not with actual hyperlinks, of course, but with a structure that allows chapters to be stand-alone. In the Introduction, he encourages readers to skip around, reading interesting sections in whatever order appeals. Although the book does build from start to finish, he has constructed it so that a reader arriving from any other point will still get something out of it. It's hard to describe, but it ends up working well. Kudos to Kurzweil for looking beyond a serial presentation.
Second, I'll give Kurzweil credit for excellent depth and breadth of knowledge in the area of computer technology. He's not just a programmer or a silicon jockey, he's a technological historian and a better philosopher than many self-described geeks. "The Age of Spiritual Machines" includes a detailed timeline of the evolution of computation on Earth, actual software algorithms explained in plain English, as well as creative conversations between a human and a machine intelligence. Plus plenty of easily readable text. As noted above, if you are new to the topic, this book is a good one. I highly recommend it for junior high or high school students who are just getting enamored with computers and how we humans interact with them.
But frankly, most of the ideas are not that new. Carl Sagan wrote beautifully about the human mind within the physical universe over twenty years ago. Sherry Turkle has written much about the sociology and psychology of computer-using humans. Marvin Minsky, Alan Turing, and other pioneers of cybernetics have extensively explored the possiblities and implications of machine intelligence since the 1960s. Eric Drexler helped create much of our modern vision of nanotechnology. Kurzweil quotes all of these people; I am not accusing him of using their ideas without reference. His synthesis of the history and proposed futures of computation is fine. But we must ask, what did Kurzweil add to make "The Age of Spiritual Machines" his own?
What have I learned from this book?
This book taught me on:
What common issues are there with the other two books?
The Age of Spiritual Machines Customers.com, and Unleashing the Killer App present the same common issues as follows:
New ideas presented
This book presented new ideas as strategy to create profitable business strategy as follows:
What would another person like to know about the book?
Technology has the capability to boost intelligence through modification of some part of the brain or other species’ brain.